Robo-advisors now manage $1.5 trillion in assets. We compared the three leading platforms on fees, features, tax optimization, and returns.

Comparison

Performance

Over the past 5 years, all three have performed within 0.3% of each other annually. The main differentiator is tax optimization: Wealthfront's direct indexing saves high earners an additional 1-2% annually in tax alpha at accounts over $100K.